Toxoplasmosis
Context: NIAB scientists have used CRISPR-based genetic manipulation to identify a crucial protein in Toxoplasma gondii that, when disrupted, can halt the parasite’s replication, offering a potential breakthrough in controlling the zoonotic disease toxoplasmosis.
Important Pointers:
► Causative Agent: Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite.
► Transmission: Primarily through ingestion of oocysts from contaminated food or water, undercooked meat, or via congenital transmission from mother to foetus.
► Definitive Host: Domestic and wild felines, where the parasite undergoes sexual reproduction.
► Intermediate Hosts: Humans, birds, and other warm-blooded animals, where asexual reproduction occurs.
► Clinical Significance: Often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals; however, it can cause severe complications in immunocompromised patients and congenital infections in foetuses.
► Recent Scientific Advancements:
CRISPR-Based Genetic Manipulation: Researchers have utilized CRISPR technology to identify key proteins essential for the replication of T. gondii. Targeting these proteins can halt parasite replication, offering potential therapeutic avenues.
GRA38 Protein Function: GRA38, a dense granule protein in T. gondii, has been identified as a lipid-dependent regulator of parasite fitness. It exhibits phosphatidic acid phosphatase activity, crucial for maintaining lipid homeostasis and virulence. Disruption of GRA38 leads to impaired lipid metabolism and reduced parasite virulence.
Host Cell Cycle Manipulation: T. gondii strains, such as Me49 and NED, can arrest the host cell cycle in the S-phase, leading to chromosome missegregation and cytokinesis failure. This manipulation aids in creating a favorable environment for parasite replication.